Bone tools excavated from Castel di Guido in Italy. (Credit: Villa et al. 2021 PLOS ONE)
Ancient humans could do some impressive things with elephant bones.听
In a new study, 麻豆免费版下载 archaeologist Paola Villa and her colleagues surveyed tools excavated from a site in Italy where large numbers of elephants had died. The team discovered that humans at this site roughly 400,000 years ago appropriated those carcasses to produce听an unprecedented array of bone tools鈥攕ome crafted with sophisticated methods that wouldn鈥檛 become common for another 100,000 years.听
鈥淲e see other sites with bone tools at this time,鈥� said Villa, an adjoint curator at the 麻豆免费版下载Boulder Museum of Natural History. 鈥淏ut there isn鈥檛 this variety of well-defined shapes.鈥�
Top: Elephant tusks and other bones at the Castel di Guido site during excavation; middle: A series of pointed elephant bone tools from Castel di Guido; bottom: A lissoir, or smoother, tool made from a wild cattle bone. (Credits: Villa et al. 2021, PLOS ONE)
Villa and her colleagues this month in the journal PLOS ONE.
The study zeroes in on a site called Castel di Guido not far from modern-day Rome. Hundreds of thousands of years ago, it was the location of a gully that had been carved by an ephemeral stream鈥攁n environment where 13-foot-tall creatures called straight-tusked elephants (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) quenched their thirst and, occasionally, died.听
Castel di Guido鈥檚 hominids made good use of the remains, occupying the site off and on over the years. The researchers report that these Stone Age residents produced tools using a systematic, standardized approach, a bit like a single individual working on a primitive assembly line.听
鈥淎t Castel di Guido, humans were breaking the long bones of the elephants in a standardized manner and producing standardized blanks to make bone tools,鈥� Villa said. 鈥淭his kind of aptitude didn鈥檛 become common until much later.鈥�
Stone Age toolbox
These feats of ingenuity came at a significant time for hominids in general.
Right around 400,000 years ago, Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) were just beginning to emerge in Europe. Villa suspects that Castel di Guido鈥檚 residents were Neanderthals.听
鈥淎bout 400,000 years ago, you start to see the habitual use of fire, and it鈥檚 the beginning of the Neanderthal lineage,鈥� Villa said. 鈥淭his is a very important period for Castel di Guido.鈥�
It may have been a productive one, too. In their new study, Villa and her colleagues identified 98 bone tools from Castel di Guido, which was excavated from 1979 to 1991. The findings represent听the highest number of flaked bone tools made by pre-modern hominids that researchers have described so far. That rich toolbox offered a wide range of useful items: Some tools were pointed and could, theoretically, have been used to cut meat. Others were wedges that may have been helpful for splitting heavy elephant femurs and other long bones.听
鈥淔irst you make a groove where you can insert these heavy pieces that have a cutting edge,鈥� Villa said. 鈥淭hen you hammer it, and at some point, the bone will break.鈥�
But one tool stood out from the rest: The team discovered a single artifact carved from a wild cattle bone that was long and smooth at one end. It resembles what archaeologists call a 鈥渓issoir,鈥� or a smoother, a type of tool that hominids used to treat leather. The curious thing: Lissoir tools didn鈥檛 become common until about 300,000 years ago.
鈥淎t other sites 400,000 years ago, people were just using whatever bone fragments they had available,鈥� Villa said.
Useful finds
Something special, in other words, seemed to be happening at the Italian site.听
Villa doesn鈥檛 think that the Castel di Guido hominids were any more intelligent than their counterparts elsewhere in Europe. Instead, these early humans simply used听the resources they had lying around. She explained that this region of Italy doesn鈥檛 have a lot of naturally-occurring, large pieces of flint, so ancient humans couldn鈥檛 make many large stone tools.听
What the region might have had a lot of, however, were dead elephants. As the Stone Age progressed, straight-tusked elephants slowly disappeared from Europe. During the era of Castel di Guido鈥檚 bone-crafters, these animals may have flocked to watering holes at the site, occasionally dying听from natural causes. Humans then found the remains and butchered them for their long bones.听
鈥淭he Castel di Guido people had cognitive intellects that allowed them to produce complex bone technology,鈥� Villa said. 鈥淎t other assemblages, there were enough bones for people to make a few pieces, but not enough to begin a standardized and systematic production of bone tools.鈥�
Other coauthors of the new study include Giovanni Boschian and Daniela Sacc脿 of the University of Pisa in Italy; Luca Pollarolo of the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa; Fabrizio Marra of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Italy; and Sebastien Nomade and Alison Pereira of the University of Paris-Saclay in France.
