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IMAGE CAPTION: A housecat relaxes in a Boulder County backyard. Credit: Glenn Asakawa/麻豆免费版下载Boulder

More than 1,000 pets perished in the Marshall Fire, many of them trapped inside their homes as guardians who had left for the day desperately tried to devise a plan to free them, research.

With the one-year anniversary of the Dec. 30 firestorm approaching, and more rapid-onset natural disasters likely to come, the study authors have a message for owners wanting to keep their animals as safe as possible.

Make an evacuation plan for your pets, and if you can鈥檛 be home to carry it out, designate someone to help:

鈥淢y main takeaway is that to save our pets, we need to know our neighbors,鈥� said study co-author Leslie Irvine, a sociology professor at 麻豆免费版下载Boulder and author of the听book, Filling the Ark: Animal Welfare in Disasters.

A different kind of disaster

The Marshall Fire was not the first disaster to take a stunning toll on animal companions.

As part of her decades of research on the human-animal connection, Irvine touched down in New Orleans just days after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 to find that guardians were often forced to evacuate without their pets, and even when they got them out, public transportation or accommodations often prohibited them.

An estimated 200,000 pets were left stranded.

Policymakers have since recognized that leaving pets behind takes a potent emotional toll on people and can put them and emergency rescue personnel in greater danger. (One survey found that 62% of pet owners would defy evacuation orders if they couldn鈥檛 find a place for their pets.)

Federal legislation now requires state and local emergency response plans to incorporate pets into disaster planning, and shelters are more likely to take them.

鈥淭here has been progress,鈥� said Irvine.

But the Marshall Fire presented an unprecedented challenge: It came on extraordinarily fast, sweeping through the neighborhood while homeowners were at work or traveling.

鈥淎s tragic as Katrina was, there was warning,鈥� Irvine said. 鈥淲ith this, people woke up on a windy morning, and six hours later two communities had burned to the ground.鈥�

A grim count

In the weeks after the fire, which destroyed 1,048 homes, Irvine scoured traditional and social media accounts, public emergency information documents and posts from the Marshall Fire Lost and Found Pets Facebook group. She and co-author Casara Andre, a veterinarian with the nonprofit Rocky Mountain Medical Reserve Corps, also conducted in-depth interviews with staff members from animal shelters and with eight individuals who, collectively, lost 17 animals in the fire.

A precise count of fatalities proved impossible, due to a lack of pet license requirements in many regions hit by the fire.

But using data from the American Veterinary Medical Association (which reports that 60% of Colorado households include dogs, cats, birds and other animals), and other sources, the authors estimate that about 1,182 animals were affected by the fire.

Just 24 animals, mostly dogs, were brought to the Humane Society of Boulder Valley and reunited with their owners. Of the 107 lost animal reports filed with the Humane Society, only 26 were canceled because the animal was later found.

鈥淚n sum, it appears that the majority of animals were not rescued,鈥� the study concludes, pointing to the fire鈥檚 unusual behavior, coupled with widely reported pitfalls in the emergency notification system for the high fatality rate.

鈥業t鈥檚 the pets we grieve鈥�

For those left behind, the emotional toll has been profound.

One study interviewee reported that the drive from his workplace to his Louisville neighborhood, which normally took 15 minutes, took two hours. By the time he got there to rescue his cat, he couldn鈥檛 access his home.

In another instance, a family visiting from Chicago had brought their two Labrador retrievers along with them and left them briefly in their vacation rental in Superior. Because they didn鈥檛 live in the area, they didn鈥檛 receive an emergency notification. The dogs, Reggie and Packer, perished in the fire.

One other interviewee visited her lost home for days looking for her three dogs and a cat.

鈥淒espite losing everything,鈥� she told Irvine, 鈥淚t鈥檚 the pets we grieve.鈥�

An action plan and a new app

Irvine, who ultimately intends to publish her research in a peer-reviewed journal,听said that it provides a powerful reminder of the need to include pets in emergency planning.

But she add that even the most comprehensive plans would have been of little use in the Marshall Fire, because so many owners were away, and it came on so fast.

With this in mind, Irvine is helping the nonprofit design a Pet Help and Rescue App (PHAR), due out in January, to swiftly connect pet guardians with trusted contacts who have permission to enter their homes.

鈥淲hen disaster strikes and you are away and can鈥檛 get home, you can, with the press of a button, alert people that your animal needs rescued,鈥� said organization founder David Crawford, who came up with the idea after he fled the Marshall Fire, his two cats safely in tow.

Before leaving his neighborhood, which had just begun to grow smoky, he knocked on a neighbor鈥檚 door and discovered his German Shepherd was inside alone. After contacting the owner on Facebook, Crawford and another neighbor kicked the door down and rescued the dog.

Other animals weren鈥檛 as fortunate.

鈥淚n one square block that I drove around, there was a cockatiel, a tortoise, a turtle, three cats and two dogs,鈥� Crawford said, adding that had he known how to get in, he could have done more. 鈥淚 had time. I could have conceivably saved all those animals.鈥�